Hermann Voss

Visualising the networks of Herman Voss 
(data source: Art Looting Investigation Unit Final Report List of Red Flag Names 1946)

In the fall of 1945, the Office of Strategic Services Art Looting 

Investigation Unit interrogated Dr. Hermann Voss.

Voss had been the Director of the Dresden museum, the Director of Hitler's planned Linz museum and the head of the Linz Special Commission, which rounded up artworks for Hitler.

Hermann Voss: Art Looting Investigation Unit Detailed Interrogation Report Number 12 September 15, 1945

Despite concluding that Voss was the "official chiefly responsible for Hitler’s looting and purchasing policies after 1945" and notes that "VOSS' character is vacillating, and that he is an extraordinarily conceited and ambitious man" , the investigators seemed to hold a surprisingly tolerant view of this art professional. "His anti-Nazi options were well known," DIR No. 12 states.

"Among those who have testified to this effect, under specific interrogations, are LOHSE and BORCHERS (both of the Einsatzstab Rosenberg staff), and the dealers Wolfgang GURLITT, Hildebrandt GURLITT, and HABERSTOCK (chief dealer to POSSE and an enemy of long standing to VOSS.)

These character testimonies leave one a little breathless. 

Bruno LOHSE? Hildebrandt GURLITT? Karl HABERSTOCK? 

What does it mean to find the name H. Voss, Herman Voss, Hermann Voss, or Dr Hermann Voss in a provenance or in a bibliographical reference for an artwork?

"Concerning the Einsatzstab Rosenberg, VOSS repeatedly denied ever having heard of it before March 1943..."
 - OSS ALIU DIR 12 Hermann Voss

 Voss was arrested and interrogated by the Office of Strategic Services Art Looting Investigation Unit for his role in looting art for Hitler during the Nazi era. 

"Hermann Voss insisted that the offer came to him entirely as a surprise" 

"When he met HITLER at Rastenberg..."

Voss appears in the Art Looting Investigation Unit Red Flag List 19 times and had a Detailed Interrogation Report (DIR number 12) dedicated to him: 

• No. 12  Herman Voss, September 1945 (28 pp)

(Detailed Intelligence Reports (DIR): consist of reports dealing with the activities of various agents employed by Hitler, Göring and Rosenberg to acquire artworks for them in Axis-occupied countries.)

The ALIU Final Report of 1946 summarized VOSS' activities as follows:

"Voss, Dr Hermann. Munich. Director of the Linz Special Commission, the Linz Museum, and the Dresden Gallery from May 1943. Involved in the Schloss and Mannheimer collection (forced) sales, and the official chiefly responsible for Hitler’s looting and purchasing policies after 1945. In custody US 3rd Army, Munich, September 1945."

"Purchases for Linz outside Germany were made by VOSS' specially appointed agents,...Hildebrandt GURLITT, GOEPEL, and HERBST (of the Dorotheum, Vienna) were the most important"

The ALIU Final Report of 1946 linked VOSS to the following art dealers and Nazi personal:

Posse, Prof Dr Hans (deceased). Formerly Director of the State Picture Gallery, Dresden. Was appointed by Hitler as Director of the Special Commission for Linz in 1939, and became the most important official purchaser of works of art for Germany from 1939 through 1942. Died Dresden, 7 December 1942. Succeeded by Voss.

Goepel, Dr Erhard. Leipzig, Stieghtstrasse 76. Official Linz agent and buyer in Holland under Posse and Voss. Bought extensively in Holland and also travelled frequently in Belgium and France. Negotiated the forced sale of the Schloss Collection in Paris. Chief contacts: Vitale Bloch (Holland), Wuester, Wandl and Holzapfel (Paris).

Hoogendijk. Amsterdam, Kaizersgracht 640/Roemorvischerstraat 34. Prominent dealer who sold to Miedl, Hofer, Posse, Muehlmann and Voss during the occupation. Close friend of Friedlander and Schneider. Contact of Nathan Katz. Goering frequently visited his shop.

Mandl, Victor. Paris, 9 rue du Boetie. German refugee dealer, formerly active in Berlin. Highly important figure in German art purchases in Paris. Close contact of Wendland, Dietrich, Voss, Goepel, Muehlmann, Lohse, Loebl, Perdoux, Birtschansky and Wuester. Indicted by French Government for collaborationist activity.

de Boer, Pitt. Amsterdam, Heerengracht 512. Important and active dealer. President of the Dutch Dealers Association since Goudstikker’s death. Acquired Swiss as well as Dutch nationality early in the war, and visited Switzerland during the occupation. Discovered the first in the series of false Vermeers by van Meegeren. Close contact of Hofer, Muehlmann, Posse, Voss, Lohse and Miedl.

Oertel, Dr Rudolf (deceased). Assistant in charge of paintings for the Linz Special Commission. Between the death of Posse in December 1942 and the succession of Voss in March 1943, he shared with Reimer the administration of the Commission. Called to military service in 1944 on the Russian front, and not heard of since.

Grosshennig. Chemnitz, Rossmarkt 11 Annaberg (?). Director of Galerio Gerstenberger. Active as buyer in France. Held Linz certificate signed by Voss. In touch with Postma, Fabiani, Mandl, Boehler and Plietzsch.

Gurlitt, Wolfgang. Bad Aussee, Austria. Cousin of Hildebrandt Gurlitt. Former Berlin dealer. Close contact of Voss. Not seriously implicated in looting transactinos or purchases for German officials.

Pat-Zaade, Dr Robert. Berlin/Zehlendorf. Collector-dealer, active in Paris and Berlin. Sold to Lohse and in contact with Voss.

Reimer, Dr Gottfried. Dobeln, Saxony, Grimaisschestrasse 23. Administrative assistant to the Director of the Linz Commission from June 1941 until the end of the war, first under Posse, later under Voss. Not a Party member, and involved in only one known looting operation.

Schilling, Georg. Zurich, Spuelgenstrasse 6 Cologne, Komoedienstrasse 39 Markelfingen/Bodensee. Art dealer. Chief buyer for Linz in Belgium under Voss, who gave him a Linz certificate. Also active as agent for Goering.

Waldner, Josef. Art dealer, employed occasionally as agent by Voss. Contact of Mohnen. Active in France.

Weber, Walter. Bonn. Wealthy collector and close friend of Voss. Held a Linz travel certificate. Purchased six minor pictures in Paris for Linz.

Zinckgraf. Formerly bookkeeper and manager of the Bernheimer Gallery, Munich. Later became its owner. Sold to Voss for Wiesbaden.

Schmidt, Ernst. Berlin. Friend of Voss, active in acquiring objects for Linz in Germany.

"Voss complains of the abruptness of his reception..."
OSS ALIU DIR 12: Hermann Voss

"the part played by Hermann VOSS in HITLER's scheme of things in not altogether clear."

"During a month of interrogation, he (VOSS) impressed his several questioners very unfavourable. It was their unanimous opinion that VOSS' character is vacillating, and that he is an extraordinarily conceited and ambitious man. His constant reliance on failure of memory to explain discrepancies in his testimony did not improve the atmosphere of the interrogations."

--------

OSS ART LOOTING INVESTIGATION UNIT DETAILED INTERROGATION REPORT NUMBER 12: HERMANN VOSS

ONLINE COLLECTION Die Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden

Visualizing the Art Market Networks of Hermann Voss

Network visualisation of Hermann Voss' connections, with his direct connections and the connection of his direct connections, according to the ALIU Final Report Red Flag list of Names of 1946.
(network graph generated automatically by google fusion tables-

With data visualisation tools, the graphical representation of the links between individuals in vast criminal networks is made possible. 

In the above graph, one sees the connections of Hermann Voss, as described in the 1946 OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Final Report, which detailed the Nazi era art market network.

For each person in the ALIU "Red Flag List of Names" a brief paragraph summarises what is known about the person's role in the European Nazi-era art market. There are more than 1000 names on the list, each one with a few sentences of description, which typically includes a dozen or more attributes and connections.

The paragraph devoted to Voss in the Final Report contains 50 words, including his name.

Voss, Dr Hermann. Munich. Director of the Linz Special Commission, the Linz Musuem, and the Dresden Gallery from May 1943. Involved in the Schloss and Mannheimer collection (forced) sales, and the official chiefly responsible for Hitler’s looting and purchasing policies after 1945. In custody US 3rd Army, Munich, September 1945.

One can imagine that, due to practical contraints, the Art Looting Investigation Unit may have found it impossible to stuff everything they had learned about Hermann Voss into the one small paragraph allocated to each subject in the ALIU Final Report.

However, the "Voss, Dr Hermann" paragraph is not the only mention of Voss in the ALIU Final Report. 

A simple data filter in Sheets gives us the names linked to Voss in the ALIU Red Flag List/

Filtering for mentions of "Voss" in the shared Google Sheet "OSS ALIU Red Flag Names PUBLIC"

Voss, we see, is mentioned in 17 entries in the ALIU Red Flag List*.

Goepel, Grosshennig, Gurlitt [the father of Bavarian art hoarder, Cornelius], Nadolle, Oertel, Pat-Zaade, Posse, Reimer, Schilling, Schmidt, Voss, Waldner, Weber, Zinckgraf, Mandl, de Boer, Hoogendijk,.

Each one of the above individuals, who the ALIU believed to be connected to Voss, had his own network, or "cluster".  

It is by joining together these different clusters that we are able to extract information that can be used to visualize the Nazi art market network - as analysed by the Art Looting Investigation Unit in 1946.

It is these mentions that we will use to select the data for network analysis.

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How to map the direct connections of Dr. Hermann Voss using Google Sheets and Google Fusion Tables

In our experiments we used the following method to prepare the data:

1) copy the entire ALIU Red Flag list into a Google Sheet called OSS ALIU Red Flag Names PUBLIC.  It is this file that we will return to, again and again, to find more information about different networks contained in the Final Report.  This task needs to be performed only once.
(This Google sheet can be viewed by anyone with this link.)

2) filter for Voss (Data, Filter by Condition, Text contains "Voss") as shown above.

3) copy the results (which are all the Red Flag texts in which Voss is mentioned) to another sheet, named, for example, "Voss Network"

4) Format the "Voss Network" sheet (so that it can be loaded and analysed in Google Fusion Tables)

Sheet AFTER formatting: Name1 and Name2 are linked in the network

Note: We format the data only after having gathered it all together. 

4.1 Using the Sheets Data function, Split Text to columns, Use the "." as the Separator.

4.2 Add a column to the left .

4.3 For all the entries that mentioned Voss, copy "Voss, Dr Hermann" into the new column.
This is important for network analysis later, because it links Voss to the name of the Red Flag entry in which his name appears.

Note: the assumption is that the mention of Voss' name implies some kind of link to Voss. The exact nature of the link is specified in the text, which is information that we will exploit later using a different network analysis tool, but which we do not need at this stage in the analysis.


4.4  Name the columns (from Left to Right): Name1, Name2, Location, Role1, Role2, Role3...Role10

(Note: We format all the Sheets the same so that later we can mix selected files in Google Fusion Tables)

5) Load the Google Sheet "Voss Network" into Google Fusion Tables

(Note: If you have multiple sheets (tabs) you can select which one to load)

6) In Google Fusion tables, click on "Create Chart"./ Specify that the chart is for Name1, Name2

note! This will generate a circle with spokes in which  "Voss, Dr. Hermann" is in the centre with links to every Red Flag Name entry that mentioned him.

Try it!

How to add clusters to the network

To obtain the graph with several clusters at the beginning of this post, one inserts a step between 3) and 4). in which one adds the connections for some or all of the names whose entries mentioned Voss.

Before formatting the "Voss Network" Google Sheet, one returns to the OSS ALIU Red Flag Names PUBLIC Google Sheet and filters for Red Flag entries that mentioned Voss. Goepel is the first name on the list,.

Filter for Goepel and copy the result into the "Voss Network" Google Sheet, and repeats for the next name.

ALIU entries that mentioned Goepel are: Goeple, Wuester, Holzapfel, leegenhoek, Lefranc, Mandl, Block, and Cramer.  We can think of this as the "Goepel" cluster.

This will add to the Voss network, all the Red Flag entries that mentioned Goepel.




Once all the information one wants about Voss' contacts has been added, proceed to formatting, as described in step 4, then load in Google Fusion Tables

Note: Attention, in the column to the left (that will become Name1), one puts Goepel (or whatever name was filtered for)

Direct Links to Voss and Direct links to one of Voss' direct links, Goepel.
Note that the names appear exactly as they do in their ALIU entry, "Voss, Dr Hermann" and "Gopel, Dr Erhard".
We are careful to use the exact ALIU names so that they will match in network analysis.

This approach can be used for any set of links one wants to analyse, whether to a name of a person, a place, an organisation, an event,  a year or any word that appears in the ALIU Red Flag list.

Data, always in the same format, can be mixed and matched, a process we will show later.

Links to Datasets:

• ALIU Red Flag List published on lootedart.com

• OSS ALIU Red Flag Names PUBLIC Google Sheet

• Voss Network Google Sheet

• Voss Network Google Fusion Table (formatted sheet)

Considerations concerning the source

By necessity, important information will be missing from an operational report made under time constraints in difficult conditions.  We are, in using the information in the ALIU Red Flag List to map our networks, trusting the selection of information made by the OSS ALIU team.

Is there - should there be- a limit to this trust? What are the contours to the report's reliability? Are there blindspots we should be aware of? Omissions that should be compensated for by bringing in other sources? Attention to some areas that seems excessive?

For the time being we will acknowledge these questions and put them aside, for further exploration later. No source is perfect, and, at present, the 1946 ALIU Red Flag List, with all its imperfections, still seems to be the most useful primary historical source we have.

-------------
*Vossisk was picked up but is not a contact. (In addition, Voss had an entire detailed interrogation report (DIR) dedicated to him, but we are not using the detailed report, only the summary of Red Flag names in the Final Report.)

Arthur Pfannstiel, Red Flag Name

"Definitely not a reliable or trustworthy source for cataloguing" 

- Secret Modigliani

 What does it mean to find Arthur Pfannstiel in a provenance or as the author of a reference?

Readings in Nazi looted art: The Rape of Europa by Lynn Nicholas

Published in 1995, Lynn Nicholas' book The Rape of Europa was one of the first to investigate Hitler's massive looting of artworks. Many archives have opened since then and progress with digitization of source documents as well as and museum collections databases following the Washington Declaration have made new material available. 

It is nevertheless interesting to reread Nicholas' book for its insights, especially since the book was published nearly twenty years before the Gurlitt stash was discovered.

Below are a couple of brief extracts.

 "Voss would now channel his purchase funds, which would surpass those spent by Posse, through his own trusted agents, principal among whom was Hildebrand Gurlitt..."

- The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War by Lynn Nicholas

"Despite their disgust the OSS and MFAA men were human. Craig Smyth, who later had to supervise the house arrest of Hermann Voss, found it difficult to treat so eminent a scholar as a criminal and had him report daily to someone else. Monuments officer Charles Parkhurst, sent to question the widow of Hans Posse, whom he found living on the proceeds of sales of the pathetic contents of two suitcases of family bibelots, described her as a “gentle, elderly person” and broke off his interrogation when she began to weep. In the few answers she did provide it was clear that she was very proud of her husband’s accomplishments. She even showed Parkhurst photographs of Hitler at Posse’s state funeral, but of his actual transactions she clearly knew nothing."

- The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War by Lynn Nicholas

 "Plaut doubted that Bruno Lohse had really known the extent of Goering’s evildoing and noted that both he and Fräulein Limberger had become despondent when all was revealed. Rousseau and Faison too, after weeks of questioning Miss Limberger, were convinced that despite the fact that she had read the damning daily correspondence from Hofer to Goering, she bore no blame. When they had finished with her, Faison could not bring himself to leave her at the squalid internment camp to which she had been assigned and instead asked her where she would like to go. She named the Munich dealer Walter Bornheim, he of the suitcases full of francs, and a principal supplier to both Linz and Goering. Faison consented, and left her at the military post in Gräfelfing, where Bornheim lived."

- The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War by Lynn Nicholas

 available on Amazon 

Networks of Yves Perdoux

What is known about Yves Perdoux? Quite a lot actually. 

The OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit mentioned the name "Perdoux" seven times in its 1946 Red Flag List. The investigators refered to the "Wendland, Lohse, Perdoux art dealing syndicate" and the "informal dealers’ syndicate composed of Wendland, Perdoux, Boitel, Dequoy"...
Hector Feliciano mentioned him in The Lost Museum in 1995.
More recently,  Kenneth D. Alford's Hermann Goring and the Nazi Art Collection: The Looting of Europe's Art Treasures and Their Dispersal After World War II  (ISBN-13: 978-0786468157) refers to Perdoux quite a few times as well. (It's easy to find all the mentions with the searchable Kindle version).

Perdoux in a provenance is a signal that more research is needed.

His name is linked to Hermann Goering, Hans Wendland, Walter Andreas Hofer, Zacharie Birtschansky and Victor Mandl and more, as one can see below in these excerpts.

paintings at France MNR with Yves Perdoux in the provenance

Perdoux in the 1946 OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Red Flag Names list:

• Perdoux, Yves. Paris, 178 rue du Fbg St Honore/6 rue de Teheran/6 blvd Flandrin. Operated the Galerie Guynot. One of the most active collaborationist dealers. Close associate of Wendland, Boitel and Loebl. Ardent Nazi, constantly in touch with Dietrich and other German buyers. Interrogated in 1945 by the Police Judiciaire. Reported ill and near death in January 1946.

• Boitel, Achilles (deceased). Paris, 6 rue de Teheran/11 bis rue Ampere. Wealthy French industrialist and speculator, who acted as Wendland’s French agent after the Swiss made it impossible for him to leave that country. Chief financial figure in the Wendland, Lohse, Perdoux art dealing syndicate. Worked with Lohse and Hofer, and was a good friend of von Behr. Connected with Hofer in exchanges of Swiss and French francs. Open collaborator who was often in Germany before the war and spoke fluent German. Assassinated by the French Resistance.

• Thierry. Villefranche sur Mer, Villa ‘Le Miradou ‘, ave Gauvin Paris, 75 rue d’Auteuil. Collaborationist dealer, active in Paris and Nice. Worked with Brueschwiller, Ward Holzapfel and Mme Soyer, his mistress. Sold to Rochlitz, Perdoux, Aguilar, Moebius, and others.

• Garin, Ernest. Paris, 9 rue de l’Echelle. Formal proprietor of the Galerie E Garin, aryanised in this name by Ali Loebl. The Garin firm actually succeeded Kleinberger’s and under Loebl becamse centre of the informal dealers’ syndicate composed of Wendland, Perdoux, Boitel, Dequoy, etc. Garin personally played a relatively minor part in the business of the firm during the occupation. Indicted by French Government (Seine Tribunal, Judge Frapier).

• Guynot, Henri. Neuilly Paris, 178 rue du Fbg St Honore. Gallery directed by Perdoux. Dealt with Hofer and Lohse. Sold to Haberstock; documentary evidence in Unit files.

• Loebl, Ali (Allen). Paris, rue des Pyramides/9 rue de l’Echelle/34 quai de Passy. Dealer, of Austro-Hungarian Jewish descent. Director and leading spirit of the firm Kleinberger & Co, ‘aryanised ‘ under the name of E Garin during the war. Centre of the informal art dealing syndicate comprising Wendland, Perdoux, Mandl, Boitel, Dequoy, Engel. Sold chiefly to Lohse, Hofer and Haberstock, for whom he travelled as agent in unoccupied France. Contact of Mohnen, Landry, Mestrallet. Indicted by the French Government (Seine Tribunal, Judge Frapier).

• Mandl, Victor. Paris, 9 rue du Boetie. German refugee dealer, formerly active in Berlin. Highly important figure in German art purchases in Paris. Close contact of Wendland, Dietrich, Voss, Goepel, Muehlmann, Lohse, Loebl, Perdoux, Birtschansky and Wuester. Indicted by French Government for collaborationist activity.

Yves Perdoux is also included in the list of Art dealers involved in wartime trading in looted art in France

***

Yves Perdoux in the News

1999
Libération: NYMPHÉAS». LE MARCHAND JUIF ROSENBERG AVAIT ÉTÉ SPOLIÉ DE CE TABLEAU EN 1940. Par Vincent Noce — 30 avril 1999

Au printemps 1940, au moment de fuir par l'Espagne il avait remisé cent-soixante tableaux en Gironde, dans sa villa de Floirac et dans les coffres de la Banque nationale du commerce à Libourne. Parmi elles, les Nymphéas mais aussi des chefs-d'oeuvre aussi importants que l'Homme à l'oreille cassée de Van Gogh. Informés sur dénonciation de deux antiquaires, le comte de Lestang et Yves Perdoux, les nazis investissent la villa le 15 septembre 1940. Les délateurs recevront trois Pïssaro pour leur peine.


2016
Le Figaro La famille Bromberg retrouve son tableau, volé pendant la guerre - Par   Journaliste Figaro Claire Bommelaer

16 June 2018
"Le premier jour de printemps à Moret", by Alfred Sisley--Part Two
by Marc Masurovsky
Thirty years elapsed before Mr. Perdoux allegedly acquired the Sisley painting. There is nothing to indicate that he bought it from Durand-Ruel. This could be the same Perdoux as Yves Perdoux, a notorious Parisian art dealer who collaborated with the Nazis during the German occupation of France and denounced the locations of a number of Jewish-owned art collections, including that of Paul Rosenber
***

Yves Perdoux in German Lost Art Foundation: Beteiligte Privatpersonen und Körperschaften am NS-Kulturgutraub, Lost Art-Da­ten­bank, Mo­dul "Pro­ven­ienz­re­cher­che",  NS-Raub­kunst

Paris; 178 rue du Fbg Saint-Honoré, 66 rue de Teheran, 6 bd Flandrin; Leiter der Galerie Guynot, einer der aktivsten Kollaborateure, enger Kontakt zu Hans Wendland, Boitel, Loebel und Kontaktperson von Almas-Dietrich in Paris


Qu.: ALIU, Final Report, 118

Yves Perdoux in Site Rose-Valland Musées Nationaux Récupération

Portrait d'homme Collection du consul Edouard F. Weber, Hambourg, 1909 ; vente Weber, Berlin, 10-22 février 1912, n° 99. Collection M. Bromberg, Hambourg. Collection Victor Mandl, Wiesbaden. Collection G. Wildenstein, Paris, 1939 (selon annotations relevées dans les dossiers du RKD). 
Le panneau est acheté 18 750 RM à Yves Perdoux, Paris, par la galerie Almas Dietrich le 22 février 1941 (provision Jurschewitz 600 RM) et revendu 35 000 RM en mars 1941 au musée de Linz (1) ; il est enregistré le 15 juillet 1945 au Central Collecting Point de Munich sous le n° 4416 et renvoyé en France le 3 juin 1949 (2).
Il est attribué au musée du Louvre (département des peintures) par l'Office des Biens et Intérêts Privés en 1950 (3).
Puis il est déposé au musée des Beaux-Arts de Chambéry en 1960 (D 63-1) (4).
Le panneau a été restitué aux ayants-droit d’Hertha et Henry Bromberg le 28 novembre 2016.

Perdoux in  Hermann Goring and the Nazi Art Collection: The Looting of Europe's Art Treasures and Their Dispersal After World War II

[Göring]..." was represented in Paris by Hofer, Bornheim, Lohse, Angerer and Dr. Joseph Muehlmann, who made regular trips to Paris and stayed as long as two or three months at a time. Göring’s purchasing activity was enormous, as validated by the Carinhall shipping tickets in the files of Schenker Transportation Company. Wendland was most active in Paris, capitalizing upon his German citizenship in a land occupied by Germans and upon his wide prewar acquaintance with those in the Paris art market, Wendland became a kind of advisor and guide to many of the French dealers anxious to do business with Germans. He gradually formed an informal syndicate of the French dealers Boitel, Perdoux, and Loebl. He was connected with the Dequoy-Fabinai combination, and he is known to have had interests in the Mandl-Birtschanksy art association."



"Added to the established dealers came a flock of intermediaries and middlemen to guide the Germans. They all worked together and the same pieces of art turned up at different places at different times with a higher price. The most important of these groups was headed by Hans Wendland and Paris art dealer Yves Perdoux. They all had connections to Hermann Göring, through Wendland and Hofer, as Wendland represented Göring in the Greater Reich and Perdoux with his contacts throughout France.  - Hermann Goring and the Nazi Art Collection: The Looting of Europe's Art Treasures and Their Dispersal After World War II

(there's more, Kindle version recommended for easy search facilities)

Library References and Authority Files for Yves Perdoux

There is no ULAN ID for Yves Perdoux, however other authority files exist for him:

SNAC http://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vz0cb8

Epithet: antique dealer, of Paris

British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000000149.0x000094

 Constellation JSON EAC-CPF XML

Permalink: http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6vz0cb8

Ark ID:w6vz0cb8


SNAC ID: 46357420

***

Yves Perdoux in Ownership History of Paintings or Provenance

Louvre

• DANSE VILLAGEOISE
• LA PLANTATION DU MAI

Boston Museum of Fine Art

• Portrait of a Young Man in Brown, possibly Javier Goya

Provenance
... March 17, 1923, Bamberger sale, Hotel Drouot, Paris, lot 49, to Trotti et Cie., Paris. 1924, Yves Perdoux, Paris [see note 4]. 1926, Goudstikker, Amsterdam (stock no. 1667) [see note 5]. 1927, Howard Young Galleries, New York (stock no. 2573); 1927, sold by Howard Young Galleries to John Taylor Spaulding (b. 1870 - d. 1948), Boston; 1948, bequest of John Taylor Spaulding to the MFA. (Accession Date: June 3, 1948)

(Also in Getty Provenance Index Public Collections:
Provenance of Paintings Record 10611
GOYA Y LUCIENTES, FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE
Portrait of a Man
Boston, MA, Museum of Fine Arts
48.558
canvas

Perdoux, Yves (?). Paris, France)

Detroit Institute of Arts

Still Life with Dead Hare, ca. 1760

Provenance
Mme. Becq de Fouquières (Paris, France);
May 8, 1925, (Hôtel Drouot, Paris, France) lot 17 [pendant was no. 18, purchased by Yves Perdoux];
M. Sherematieff (Paris, France);
Dr. Wendland (Basel, Switzerland);
purchased by (Kleinberger Galleries, New York, New York, USA);
November 1926, purchase by the Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit, Michigan, USA)

(update ongoing..)

Cailleux in the Emile Buehrle Collection

Two of the artworks on the Buehrle Foundation Website mention Cailleux in their provenance: François-André Vincent's "Young Lady with a Turban" and Francesco Guardi's The Crucifixion.

Their provenance is reproduced below:

Biographies of people involved in the Nazi-looted art trade formerly published on Lostart whose urls no longer seem to work.

 The German Lost Art Foundation published online the biographies of "Beteiligte Privatpersonen und Körperschaftern am NS-Kulturegutraub" which translates to "Private individuals and corporate bodies involved in the NS cultural property theft". 

The  content below has since disappeared from the internet. A few entries can now be found in the internet archive or, in modified form, on Proveana. Others appear to be lost.

Benno Geiger in Provenances of Artworks Auctioned at Christies or Sothebys

 The panelists at the conference on Nazi-looted art in Italy that just took place in Venice offered many interesting insights. One of the topics that came up was the art dealer Benno Geiger, a known dealer of Nazi looted art, in a presentation by researcher Katharina Hüls-Valenti.

Geiger has been a subject of interest to us for a while. (See: "Geiger" artworks currently in American or British museums)

In this post, we look at a few of the artworks that have been auctioned at Christies or Sothebys that have some link to Benno Geiger, either in the provenance (an obvious red flag that calls for in depth verification) or in the references.  Why references? Because Nazi art looters like Benno Geiger have been known to lie about ownership histories.

Warning: given Geiger's involvement in the art market for Nazi-looted artworks and forced sales, there is no guarantee that the provenances are correct or complete. Sometimes, however, bringing the texts together in one place can make it easier to see the patterns that remain hidden when one studies each artwork individually.

Artworks linked to Benno Geiger that have been auctioned at Christies or Sothebys

Let's run 1000 NEPIP provenances that contain Munich through the Looted Art Detector

In the previous post we gathered one thousand provenances of artworks listed (for the most part) by American museums on the Nazi Era Provenance Internet Portal that contain the word "Munich" or "München" in the provenance text.

In this post, using the Looted Art Detector developed at the Swiss Glamhack2020 and Glamhack2021, we rank artworks that contain a mention of Munich according to the criteria of "Uncertainty". 

DATASET: Lost Art Restitutions of artworks that passed through Dorotheum, Lempertz etc

A tiny sub-selection of Lost Art objects have been found and restituted.

The provenance history of these artworks -- especially during the period between the loss and the restitution -- shed light on looted art market laundering networks.

DATASET DESCRIPTION: This dataset contains restituted artworks listed on the German Lost Art Foundation that mention selected major Nazi-era auction houses in any capacity, anywhere in the record. (This means that some of the auctions occurred before the Nazi era.)

It is a deliberately small and targeted dataset for maximum linking potential to major data aggregators, notably the Getty Provenance Index, the Heidelberg Sales catalogs, Proveana, Wikidata, and (for Dutch art), RKD and well as to (where relevant) museum identifiers. 

The purpose is to facilitate the linking of detailed data concerning the artworks, their owners, the intermediaries, the auction houses and the claims process.

Every name and post 1932 auction event in this dataset should be properly referenced and linked to major databases. 

For reference use by provenance researchers, linked data experts, authority file managers, and museum people. (A couple of auctions are highlighted.) 

Auction houses in the DATASET selection of restituted items:

• Dorotheum
• Lempertz
• Lepke
• Helbing
• Galerie Fischer

This is a small selection of the total data available.

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Art Market Networks of Adolf Wuester during the Nazi occupation of Paris

The ALIU mentioned these people, places and organisations in its entry for Adolf Wuester in the 1946 Final Report

There are several ways to view Adolf Wuester's art market networks as described in the Art Looting Investigation Unit Red Flag List of Names.

1. All the contacts mentioned in the ALIU entry for Wuester, as in the above chart.

or

2. All the Red Flag entries that mention Wuester in the ALIU list (below)

3. Connections to an organisation (below, all the ALIU Red Flag entries that mention the ERR)

4. Or to a place... (below, 416 Red Flag entries mention Paris )

5. Or to other art dealer or art market networks (Wuester, Lohse, ERR, Rochlitz..) 

ALIU Red Flag list entry for Adolf Wuester

Wuester, Adolf. Bernau, Bavaria Bonn Schloesel. Painter and amateur dealer, long-time pre-war resident of Paris. Chief agent in France for acquisition of works of art for Ribbentrop. Intimate contactws with von Behr and Lohse. Acted as expert for ERR on French 19th century painting. Appointed art adviser to the German Embassy on 16 July 1942, with the rank of Consul. Involved in two exchanges with the ERR. With Rochlitz, probably the leading intermediary for German official buyers in the Paris art market. Close contact of Bornheim, Dietrich, Bammann (among German dealers); Martin, Rademacher, Kuetgens and Goepel (among German museum buyers). Supplied with works of art primarily by Schoeller, Mandl, Leegenhoek, Raphael Gerard and Hotel Drouot. Close contact of Goetz, Rochlitz, Schoeller, Pfannstiel, Avogli-Trotti and the Duc de Trevise. Travelled in Switzerland, Sweden and Spain, purchasing works of art. Extradition requested by French Government.

ALIU Red Flag Names whose entries mention Wuester

Name1	Name2	Location	Role1	Role2	Role3	Role4	Role5
Wuester, Adolf	Abels Brothers, Hermann	Cologne, Komoedienstrasse 26	Dealers	Specialists in 16th to 19th century painting and graphic arts	Active in Paris	In touch with Wuester, who was advised on purchases for Ribbentrop
Wuester, Adolf	Bammann, Hans	Dusseldorf, Blumenstrasse 11	Dealer, drafted into the army in 1942 and transferred to the ERR in Paris in December 1943 at the request of Lohse and Wuester	Believed to have acted as agent for art purchases in France for museums of Dusseldorf, Cologne, Aachen and Bonn	Contact of Rochlitz and Manteau	Introduced Lohse to important German museum directors and dealers
Wuester, Adolf	Breker, Prof Arno	Starnberg (Buchhof uber Pocha), Bavaria	Celebrated Nazi sculptor, often in Paris during the war	Took part in arranging tour of French artists through Germany	Active as buyer	Advised Goering through Bunjes	In touch with Wuester, Adrion, Fabre, Jansen and other French dealers
Wuester, Adolf	Goepel, Dr Erhard	Leipzig, Stieghtstrasse 76	Official Linz agent and buyer in Holland under Posse and Voss	Bought extensively in Holland and also travelled frequently in Belgium and France	Negotiated the forced sale of the Schloss Collection in Paris	Chief contacts: Vitale Bloch (Holland), Wuester, Wandl and Holzapfel (Paris)
Wuester, Adolf	Knothe, Dr		Secretary of the German Embassy, Paris and reported to have worked with Wuester on art matters for von Ribbentrop and possibly Goebbels
Wuester, Adolf	Kuetgens, Dr Felix	Aachen, Heinrichsallee 18	Member of Kunstschutz, Paris	Mentioned as also in charge of Kunstschutz in Serbia and Greece	Assisted by Wuester in art purchases in Paris
Wuester, Adolf	Loewenisch, Albert	Cologne Paris, 8 ave Victor Massel	Purchasing agent for the Gauleitung Dusseldorf-Koln-Aachen-Bonn, and one of the official representatives of German museums in France	Contact of Hermssen, Wuester, Weinmueller and Lange	Partner of Toulinot and agent for Bornheim
Wuester, Adolf	May, Frau Wismer	Zurich, Seefeldstrasse 90	Colleague of Wuester in the art section of the German Embassy, Paris	Ardent Nazi and well connected in high Party circles	Considered harmless by a British art looting investigation officer
Wuester, Adolf	Mohnen, Wilhelm Jacob		German national	Captured in Rome, 5 February 1945, after taking refuge in the Vatican	Minor Embassy official and espionage agent	Attached informally 1941-43 to the staff of Wuester in Paris	Some activity as intermediary in German art purchases and looting
Wuester, Adolf	Muthmann, Dr		Director of Museum of Krefeld	In contact with Wuester, Paul Cailleux, Dr Kurt Martin and Dr Hopp
Wuester, Adolf	Pfannstiel, Arthur	Paris	German painter and dealer, resident in Paris before the war	Member of staff of ERR, Bordeaux and of GIS	Friend of von Behr, for whom he is said to have acted as an informer	In touch with Wuester	Believed under indictment for espionage
Wuester, Adolf	Rademacher, Dr Bernard	Bonn	Assistant at the Landesmuseum, Bonn	Agent for art purchases in France	Dealt with Leegenhoek, Postma and Rochlitz	In touch with Wuester and Plietzsch
Wuester, Adolf	von Waldthausen		In charge of interior decoration of the German Embassy, Paris, 1940	Assisted by Wuester, 1942
Wuester, Adolf	Wuester, Adolf	Bernau, Bavaria Bonn Schloesel	Painter and amateur dealer, long-time pre-war resident of Paris	Chief agent in France for acquisition of works of art for Ribbentrop	Intimate contactws with von Behr and Lohse	Acted as expert for ERR on French 19th century painting	Appointed art adviser to the German Embassy on 16 July 1942, with the rank of Consul
Wuester, Adolf	Blot	Paris	Dealer, dealt with Wuester
Wuester, Adolf	Cailleux, Paul	Paris, 136 rue du Fbg St Honore	Dealer in contact with Rochlitz, Wuester, Frau Dietrich, Haberstock	Knew Lohse, who claims to have freed his wife from a concentration camp	Authority on 18th century French art	President of the Art Dealers Association, Paris
Wuester, Adolf	Cloots, F G	Paris, 14 rue de l’Abbaye	Small dealer specialising in 17th century Dutch painting	In contact with Wuester and Hofer	Husband of Alice Manteau
Wuester, Adolf	Gairac, Georges	Paris, 17 rue de Seine	French art dealer who sold to Wuester and Bornheim
Wuester, Adolf	Gerard, Raphael Louis Felix	Paris, 4 ave de Messine	Dealt in confiscated pictures; main source of supply to Wuester and other German buyers	Indicted by French Government (Seine Tribunal, Judge Frapier)
Wuester, Adolf	de Haucke, Cesar Monge	Paris, 14 rue du Cherche-Midi	Dealer active in Paris and New York before the war	Active in Paris during the occupation; in contact with Wuester, Haberstock and Hofer; documentary evidence in Unit files
Wuester, Adolf	Kalebjian, Irene	Paris, 52 bis ave d’Iena	Schenker documents indicate sales to German buyers	One of Wuester’s chief sources
Wuester, Adolf	Leegenhoek, M O	Paris, 1 rue de Rennes/230 blvd Raspail	Belgian national	Prominent restorer and subsequent dealer who sold extensively to Hofer, Lohse, Wendland, Wuester, Dietrich, Haberstock, Miedl, Goepel and the great majority of important German purchasers	Formerly associated with Lagrand, and connected with van der Veken and Renders in Belgium	Believed still to be in Paris	Possibly active in Wendland’s behalf
Wuester, Adolf	Mandl, Victor	Paris, 9 rue du Boetie	German refugee dealer, formerly active in Berlin	Highly important figure in German art purchases in Paris	Close contact of Wendland, Dietrich, Voss, Goepel, Muehlmann, Lohse, Loebl, Perdoux, Birtschansky and Wuester	Indicted by French Government for collaborationist activity
Wuester, Adolf	Montag, Charles	Sevres Meudon Val Fleury, 72 rue de Paris	Swiss; naturalised French	Artist and dealer	Strongly implicated in German activity in Paris	Associate of Dequoy	Close contact of Wuester and Wendland
Wuester, Adolf	Renand, Georges	Paris, 30 quai de Bethune	Sold to Ribbentrop through Wuester	Schenker documents indicate sales to German buyers
Wuester, Adolf	Schmit, Jean	Paris, 22 rue de Charonne	Important antique dealer and decorating concern	Dealt with Bornheim, Angerer, Haberstock and other Germans brought to him by Wuester	Schenker documents indicate sales to German buyers
Wuester, Adolf	Schoeller, Andre	Paris, 13 rue de Teheran	Well known expert in French 19th century painting	President of the Art Editors Syndicate and appraiser for the Hotel Drouot	Appraised paintings confiscated by the ERR	Sold extensively to Wuester, Brueschwiller and Lohse	Possibly involved in the Schloss Collection confiscation, as informer
Wuester, Adolf	Toulinot (Toulino)	Paris, 8 ave Victor Massel	Small dealer	Partner of Loewenisch	Occasionally agent for Bornheim	In contact with Wuester and Hofer
Wuester, Adolf	de Trevise, Duc	Paris	Pre-war sponsor and friend of Rochlitz and Wuester
Wuester, Adolf	Trotti, Count Rene Avogli	Paris, 1/88 rue de Grenelle	Well known art dealer of Italian birth; in touch with many German art agents during the war, particularly Wuester, an old friend	Also did business with Haberstock	Indicted by French Government (Seine Tribunal, Judge Frapier)
Wuester, Adolf	Wuester Adolf	See Germany
Wuester, Adolf	Raeber, Dr Willi	Basle, St Albans Anlage 68	Prominent art dealer	Vice president of the Swiss syndicate of art dealers and its most active member	Involved in various looted art transactions	Possessed certain paintings on the Allied List	Contact of Hofer and Wuester
Wuester, Adolf	Wendland, Dr Hans	Versoix/Geneva	German national	Art dealer, resident alternately in France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany since World War I	Partner of Reber until about 1930	Probably the most important individual engaged in quasi-official looted art transactions in France, Germany and Switzerland in World War II	Acted as intermediary between Hofer and Fischer, and as Fischer’s chief purchasing agent