How information about Jewish art collectors who died in the Holocaust goes missing in the semantic web of linked data.
1. How many art collectors, dealers, curators, museum directors, art historians or gallery owners died in Nazi concentration camps, ghettos or jails?
As of this writing, Wikidata (which includes every entry in Wikipedia and more) can give us the names of exactly 21 persons.
Clearly, many names are missing. Why?
Because to be picked up in the Wikidata query used (https://w.wiki/Qb7) certain information (profession, death place) must have been registered by someone in Wikidata. If any of this information is missing, the query will not find the name.
2. What happens if we try to annotate the Wikidata list of 21 names using DBpedia Spotlight?
The individuals exist in Wikidata. Will DBpedia, an important linked data hub, using by many tools for entity matching and linking, be able to identify these individuals and link to them via Spotlight?
To find out, we took the list of the 21 names produced by Wikidata, put them in sentence form and ran them through the DBpedia SPOTLIGHT annotation API.
This is the list of art collectors, dealers, historians, curators, etc who died in Nazi camps, ghettos or jails: Adam Abel died in Flossenbürg concentration camp, Anton Mayer died in Neuengamme concentration camp, August Liebmann Mayer died in Auschwitz-Birkenau, François Lang died in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Friedrich Gutmann died in Theresienstadt concentration camp, Fritz Grünbaum died in Dachau concentration camp, Gertrud Kantorowicz died in Theresienstadt concentration camp, Heinrich Feurstein died in Dachau concentration camp, Henri Hinrichsen died in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Karl Freund died in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Leo Grünstein died in Theresienstadt concentration camp, Lisa Hamburg died in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lucien Graux died in Dachau concentration camp, Ludwig Pollak died in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Max Frankenburger died in Theresienstadt concentration camp, Max Silberberg died in Theresienstadt concentration camp, Q28192906 died in Theresienstadt concentration camp, Walter Cohen died in Dachau concentration camp, Walter Westfeld died in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Wilhelm Kurtz died in Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration camp, Wilhelm Mautner died in Auschwitz-Birkenau
3. As you can see from the results below, very few of these Holocaust victims were correctly identified.
Of the 21, only four - Friedrich Gutmann, Fritz Grünbaum, Wilhelm Mautner and Ludwig Pollak - were correctly annotated in DBpedia Spotlight.
- Friedrich Bernhard Eugen "Fritz" Gutmann (15 November 1886 – 13 April 1944) was a Dutch banker and art collector.The collection and the fate of Fritz Gutmann is described by his grandson, Simon Goodman, in "The Orpheus Clock" (Pub. Simon & Schuster, Aug. 2015). (en)
- Fritz Grünbaum (7 April 1880 in Brno, Moravia as Franz Friedrich Grünbaum – 14 January 1941 at the Dachau concentration camp, Germany) was an Austrian Jewish cabaret artist, operetta and pop song writer, director, actor and master of ceremonies. (en)
- Wilhelm Mautner (1889-1944) was born in Vienna. He was an Austrian-German economist and attorney-in-fact of the Rotterdamse Bank who spent a part of his life in the Netherlands. Mautner was born Jewish. He was also an art collector. (en)
- Ludwig Pollak (14 September 1868, Prague – 1943, Auschwitz concentration camp) was an Austro-Czech classical archaeologist, antiquities dealer, and director of the Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica in Rome. He is perhaps best known for discovering in 1906 the missing right arm of Laocoön in the famous ancient Roman sculpture Laocoön and His Sons.
No matches or mistaken matches were found for 17 of the 21. Mistaken identities included:
- Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963) was a German-American historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early modern ideologies of monarchy and the state. (en)
- Karl W. Freund, A.S.C. (January 16, 1890 – May 3, 1969) was a cinematographer and film director best known for photographing Metropolis (1927), Dracula (1931), and television's I Love Lucy (1951-1957). (en)
- Leo Thomas McGarry is a fictional character played by American actor John Spencer on the television serial drama The West Wing. The role earned Spencer the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2002. McGarry's character, the former United States Secretary of Labor, begins the series as the White House Chief of Staff. He is President Josiah Bartlet's best friend and a father figure to the Senior Staff, particularly White House Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman and Deputy Communications Director Sam Seaborn. (en)
- Lisa Marie Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons. She is the middle child and most intelligent of the Simpson family.
- Charles Graux (23 November 1852 – 8 January 1882) was a French classicist and palaeographer. Apart from scores of articles and reviews, he published important critical editions of works by Xenophon and Plutarch and pioneering, descriptive catalogs of the medieval copies of ancient Greek texts preserved in the libraries of Spain and Denmark. His most enduring contributions were to the history of ancient stichometry.
- This is a list of the major characters in Robotech, the American adaptation of three Japanese animated series: The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross, and Genesis Climber Mospeada, as a single TV series. The series is divided into parts called "generations" which are subtitled The Macross Saga, The Second Generation, and The New Generation
- Westfeld is a town in the district of Hildesheim in Lower Saxony, Germany.
- Kurtz is a central fictional character in Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness. A trader of ivory in Africa and commander of a trading post, he monopolises his position as a demigod among native Africans.
These errors occur even though the individuals exist in Wikidata and are coded with enough information (name, profession, place of death) to be picked up in the Wikidata Query.
4. Why is it so hard to match via DBpedia the names of Jewish Art Collectors who died in the Holocaust?
One reason (but not the only reason) is that, even though DBpedia includes Wikidata Qcodes, it still filters its linked data information through Wikipedia.
So even if something exists in Wikidata and is properly referenced, it does not exist in DBpedia.
That is a partial explanation. There are also individuals who exist in Wikipedia who are not picked up by DBpedia Spotlight in this exercise.
Below is the JSON code produced by the DBpedia Spotlight annotation API.
(The @URI is the DPpedia resource.
The @surfaceForm is the word as it actually appeared in the text.)
In some cases, the problem begins with the identification of the surface form, like "Westfeld" instead of "Walter Westfeld" or "Max" instead of "Max Silberberg".
(Particularly amazing is the matching of Max to a List of Robotech characters. Thus, using advanced natural language processing, entity matching and reconciliation, the closest we get to linked data for Holocaust victim and art collector Max Silberberg is "major characters in Robotech, the American adaptation of three Japanese animated series: The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross, and Genesis Climber Mospeada"?)
This misidentification is all the more noteworthy because both Walter Westfeld and Max Silberberg have Wikipedia pages.
However Walter Westfeld's is only in German while Max Silberberg's are in German and Russian.
The lack of an English-language Wikipedia page is another reason for the individual's invisibility in any API that uses only English.
(There are more reasons, to be explored later)
5. Below: Result, in JSON, of the DBpedia Spotlight annotation of the names of the 21 art collectors and other lost art people who died in the Holocaust.
"@confidence": "0.5",
"@support": "0",
"@types": "",
"@sparql": "",
"@policy": "whitelist",
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{
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{
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"@surfaceForm": "Friedrich Gutmann",
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{
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"@percentageOfSecondRank": "0.05260167290248506"
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Fritz_Grünbaum",
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"@surfaceForm": "Fritz Grünbaum",
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"@similarityScore": "0.9999997057724819",
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Auschwitz_concentration_camp",
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ernst_Kantorowicz",
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"@surfaceForm": "Kantorowicz",
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"@similarityScore": "0.9999999999995453",
"@percentageOfSecondRank": "0.0"
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Auschwitz_concentration_camp",
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Auschwitz_concentration_camp",
"@support": "7018",
"@types": "Schema:Place,DBpedia:Place,DBpedia:Location,DBpedia:ConcentrationCamp",
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"@similarityScore": "0.9419235032189271",
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Auschwitz_concentration_camp",
"@support": "7018",
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{
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"@surfaceForm": "Karl Freund",
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{
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leo_McGarry",
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"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Auschwitz_concentration_camp",
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{
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{
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Auschwitz_concentration_camp",
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Westfeld",
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{
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{
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{
"@URI": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Wilhelm_Mautner",
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"@surfaceForm": "Wilhelm Mautner",
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"@similarityScore": "0.9999899156183871",
"@percentageOfSecondRank": "0.0"
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{
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]
}
TRY IT
curl -X GET "https://api.dbpedia-spotlight.org/en/annotate?text=%22This%20is%20the%20list%20of%20art%20collectors%2C%20dealers%2C%20historians%2C%20curators%2C%20etc%20who%20died%20in%20Nazi%20camps%2C%20ghettos%20or%20jails%3A%20Adam%20Abel%20died%20in%20Flossenb%C3%BCrg%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Anton%20Mayer%20died%20in%20Neuengamme%20concentration%20camp%2C%20August%20Liebmann%20Mayer%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Lang%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%20Friedrich%20Gutmann%20died%20in%20Theresienstadt%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Fritz%20Gr%C3%BCnbaum%20died%20in%20Dachau%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Gertrud%20Kantorowicz%20died%20in%20Theresienstadt%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Heinrich%20Feurstein%20died%20in%20Dachau%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Henri%20Hinrichsen%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%20Karl%20Freund%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%20Leo%20Gr%C3%BCnstein%20died%20in%20Theresienstadt%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Lisa%20Hamburg%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%20Lucien%20Graux%20died%20in%20Dachau%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Ludwig%20Pollak%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%20Max%20Frankenburger%20died%20in%20Theresienstadt%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Max%20Silberberg%20died%20in%20Theresienstadt%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Q28192906%20died%20in%20Theresienstadt%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Walter%20Cohen%20died%20in%20Dachau%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Walter%20Westfeld%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%20Wilhelm%20Kurtz%20died%20in%20Auschwitz%20II-Birkenau%20concentration%20camp%2C%20Wilhelm%20Mautner%20died%20in%20Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C%22" -H "accept: application/json"
6. Thoughts
People are relying increasingly on automated systems to retrieve, read, understand, summarise, link, analyse and repackage real world texts. However the underlying reference systems are terribly weak when it comes to a topic like Jewish art collectors who died in the Holocaust. The resulting information loss and information distortion is likely to propagate throughout systems undetected, harming our knowledge of the world.
Automated quality control systems are unfit for dealing with this issue.
7. Comments, questions, and criticisms of this draft are most welcome.
WIKIDATA QUERY
#Art Collectors and other art people who died in Nazi concentration camps or jails
SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel ?placediedLabel ?placedied WHERE {
{ ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q1792450.} UNION { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q1007870. } UNION { ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q173950.} UNION { ?item wdt:P921 wd:Q328376.} UNION { ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q10732476.} UNION { ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q446966.} UNION { ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q22132694.} UNION { ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q674426.}
SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en" }
?item wdt:P20 ?placedied.
{ ?placedied wdt:P31 wd:Q328468.} UNION { ?placedied wdt:P31 wd:Q152081. } UNION { ?placedied wdt:P31 wd:Q153813.} UNION { ?placedied wdt:P31 wd:Q153813.} UNION { ?placedied wdt:P31 wd:Q2583015.}}
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PHOTO:
http://www.silesiancollections.eu/Works-of-art/Painting/Renoir-Auguste-Reading
